IT-based solutions, embracing the newest IT developments throughout the whole organisation Essay Example

IT IT-based arrangements, grasping the most up to date IT advancements all through the entire association Essay IT-based arrangements, grasping the most up to date IT advancements all through the entire association Essay This reports intention is to go about as a synopsis, featuring the results that will come to Eden Farm, by them executing IT-based arrangements, grasping the most current IT improvements all through the entire association. Equipment Systems: At present the business is utilizing paper based frameworks. Three purposed equipment frameworks that can be utilized by the Eden Farm Organic Foods business are: * Upgrading and buying new PCs: This will assist the business with putting away records and significant data. It will likewise permit the organization to convey through email and video conferencing. A decent proposal for the new frameworks is have at any rate 100GB Hard Drive to store all the applicable information additionally a RAM of at any rate 1GB to permit different capacities to be utilized. * Increasing limit Expanding the limit of the business will accelerate creation and take into consideration more deals. Expanding the limit of the PC frameworks will extraordinarily build the measure of capacities the PC will have the option to do. * Increasing Communications With the organization venturing into various pieces of the nation there will be a need to effortlessly discuss and instruct any office concerning any requirements or changes this should be possible by making a system where all the PC frameworks with in Eden Farm are associated with a similar system permitting interior correspondences. Programming Systems: * Application Software This is a solitary program that can just do a particular undertaking. It is placed into two classes broadly useful and bespoke. Universally useful application programming is programming that can be utilized for various assignments, and in light of the fact that it is general anybody can get this product. Bespoke application programming is programming that is uniquely designed and meets a solitary use. It is an erratic bit of programming. At the point when a fringe is associated with a PC a driver may should be introduced to run the fringe, this driver is a bit of programming and can be either an application or a working bit of programming. The driver will impart between the equipment and programming. With the organizations new frameworks there will be requirement for certain product to deal with the PCs or certain offices. For instance publicizing division would need to have graphical programming. Additionally all the PCs would require security programming for both malware insurance and shielding people groups data from cheats and programmers. This will enormously profit all offices as every one will have explicit programming needs. Additionally the security programming will dissuade criminals and programmers from endeavoring to manhandle the frameworks likewise the product fills a prerequisite for the Data Protection Act. * Specialized Support Software This product will be interesting to Eden Farm and help them in the initial not many months of the new changes to permit them to learn and to adjust to the new way the business is run. This will profit all the staff and permit them to get fully informed regarding the new framework * Internet This will empower moment correspondences among staff and clients it will likewise take into consideration promotions to be set for all to see. This will advance the business and make exchanges calm for all. Contemplated proposals about how Eden Farm can utilize the IT utilized inside the organizations above to profit the workers and the executives. Suggestion Effect on Organization As Eden Farm is extending it might be hard for them to stay in touch with different divisions. Eden Farm should execute a month to month deals report being sent to the fundamental workplaces like McDonalds do. This will permit them to discover which locales are doing the best, what technique for selling is making the biggest sum like telesales or the web. Additionally it will permit them to perceive what kind of produce individuals are generally keen on. As the business is moving from paper based frameworks to PC based then up skilling of the staff will be fundamental. In any case the staff will get futile to Eden Farm and there might be cause for redundancies. As Burnley school considers home and remote working then it is proposed that Eden Farm make a comparable technique to permit their staff to impart and access records This will profit staff as they will be no compelling reason to need to go into work to contact or gather significant archives and different things. Likewise it will take into consideration office cooperation so that there is no more absence of correspondences. Eden Farm can expand their globalization by setting up a web based requesting framework, which will permit anybody anyplace to buy from them, rather than the clients calling up or visit the shop they will basically utilize the site. This can build marketing projections and the client go with the goal that the business can continue growing potentially to different nations. A rundown of dangers while utilizing IT that Eden Farm may experience and how they can be overseen. Antivirus bundles and Back Ups: An infection checker is a bit of programming that forestalls viruss destroying a PC they do this by undermining work, erasing records and evolving settings. They check the whole PC in the entirety of the documents and envelopes so as to discover all if any infections, when discovered they can either endeavor to recuperate the record on the off chance that it is significant or erase the document to stop it advancing. It will be important to make a planned infection check as the entirety of the PCs are in danger of infection and it is the specialized help office that must ensure all the PCs are liberated from infections with the goal that no data can be lost. All the documents should be supported up so that in case of information misfortune the information can be recovered from an alternate source, it is essential for a program to be made for a timetable so this can be consequently done day by day. There are numerous laws that should be considered by Eden Farm as they can help secure the organizations and its area of expertise. These are Information Protection Act 1998 It secures the privileges of people whos information is put away in both paper based and PC based ways. It permits people to secure themselves and authorize the control of their own information. The Eight Key Principals of the Data Protection Act: 1. Individual information will be prepared reasonably and legally 2. Individual information will be acquired uniquely for at least one indicated and legal purposes, and will not be additionally handled in any way contradictory with that reason or those reasons. 3. Individual information will be sufficient, significant and not over the top according to the reason or purposes for which they are handled. 4. Individual information will be precise and, where important, stayed up with the latest. 5. Individual information handled for any reason or purposes will not be saved for longer than is essential for that reason or those reasons. 6. Individual information will be prepared as per the privileges of information subjects under this Act. 7. Fitting specialized and authoritative measures will be taken against unapproved or unlawful preparing of individual information and against coincidental misfortune or obliteration of, or harm to, individual information. 8. Individual information will not be moved to a nation or domain outside the European Economic Area, except if that nation or region guarantees a sufficient degree of assurance for the rights and opportunities of information subjects according to the preparing of individual information. Copyright Act 2000-This gives the maker of a unique piece work selective rights to it as a rule for a restricted period. It for the most part gives the maker the option to permit others to duplicate the bit of work. It stops individuals guaranteeing different people groups fill in as their own and profiting by it in any capacity. Advanced Millennium Copyright Act 2000 This makes it unlawful for anybody to get to copyrighted work by whatever methods available. This likewise secures innovation, weapons, plans of boats and gadgets. Implying that they also can't be duplicated. PC Misuse Act 1990-This forestalls individuals going on improper destinations during work hours. It additionally shields the PC from any unapproved passage through programmers who set their PCs to decode passwords and safety efforts empowering them to get to the information. It additionally keeps individuals from putting passwords or security on information that there don't reserve the option to scramble like somebody elses individual information or someones PC. Firewalls This checks all system traffic and doesn't permit any record or application through in the event that it concludes it to be an expected hazard. It is essentially a boundary to keep risk documents from a PC. The picture shows the progression of a firewall.

The Shipping News Essay -- Shipping News Essays

The Shipping News Similarly as Newfoundlanders need to defy the ocean, endure it, so individuals need to confront life’s injuries and discover the will to go on. Whatever degree is Proulx saying individuals must ‘weather the storms’ of life and accommodate the past with what's to come? To confront life’s storms isn't to accommodate the past with the future, which means to be content with it, yet to stand up to the past, overcome it, and afterward acknowledge it. Acknowledgment in this example, which means to recognize the past, and recognize that it can't be changed. It shouldn't be seen, basically perceived as something that has occurred. In acknowledgment, sentiments of outrage, lament and blame are disseminated. These are the means that are to be taken so as to adapt, â€Å"weather the storms† of life and push ahead. The entirety of the characters in the novel need to adapt to their lives, some of which are more troublesome than others. Quoyle had numerous horrendous accidents throughout his life, and until he went to Newfoundland he was not adapting to them. It was through assistance from others that he could go up against, vanquish and acknowledge his past to begin genuinely adapting to life. Different characters, including Wavey and Agnis likewise need to go up against, overcome and acknowledge their pasts to adapt and continue ahead with life. Despite the fact that it's anything but an immeasurably significant issue regarding whether the characters adapt to life, they should confront it in the end. Newfoundlanders embrace this thought, and figure out how to go up against, vanquish and acknowledge what occurs in their lives. Wavey has her own past to stand up to and acknowledge. All through the novel and her advancement of the relationship with Quoyle, she needs to figure out how to confide in again after her husband’s treatment of her, and acknowledge his passing. She did this through her relationship with Quoyle, by figuring out how to build up a commonly open and confiding in relationship. Their trust was grown yet a sharing of basic agonizing encounters with their life partners, in a sheltered and agreeable condition. Wavey had the option to impart her insider facts to Quoyle, on the grounds that he had the option to impart his to her first. â€Å"The way Quoyle discussed his affection, however never the lady? Could pull out one from her own skein of secrets.† (Pg 307) Wavey’s trust empowers her to acknowledge her husband’s conduct towards her and his passing, so she can push ahead in her life. Another case of a confiding in relationship that is shaped is unified with Agnis and the new Quoyle fam... ...t them. Nutbeem demonstrates his capacity to do this after his vessel hosts been crushed at his goodbye gathering â€Å"’At least you can grin about it.’ Dennis, half grinning to himself. ‘If I didn’t I’d go round the turn, wouldn’t I? No, I’ve chose to grin, overlook and fly to Brazil.’† (Pg 268.) Instead of getting irritated and attempting pitifully to fix the vessel, Nutbeem acknowledges what has occurred, and finds another route around it. Jack shows his acknowledgment of his life, is appeared in the manner in which he goes out on his pontoon and fishes ordinary, despite the fact that his granddad, father and oldest child all kicked the bucket adrift. To accommodate with the past is to excuse, and be placated with it. To acknowledge the past is recognize its reality, and the powerlessness to change its realities. Quoyle, through growing new connections in Newfoundland and finding his family ancestry, can push ahead by going up against, vanquishing and tolerating his own past. This is likewise been reflected in Wavey’s life. Through her relationship with Quoyle she has built up the capacity to trust and love once more. Returning to Newfoundland empowered Agnis to stand up to her familial evil spirits, thus to acknowledge her past and push ahead into what's to come.

Get TeamWox Free of Charge for the Public Sector

Get TeamWox Free of Charge for the Public Sector Make Money Online Queries? Struggling To Get Traffic To Your Blog? Sign Up On (HBB) Forum Now!Get TeamWox Free of Charge for the Public SectorUpdated On 23/04/2017Author : Ram kumarTopic : Desktop AppsShort URL : http://bit.ly/2ozshlS CONNECT WITH HBB ON SOCIAL MEDIA Follow @HellBoundBlogEarlier we shared an exclusive review about TeamWox and how it benefits you. Now here is a good news for you, TeamWox is now available completely Free of Charge for the Public Sector. Previously they offered TeamWox to the Public Sector under a special license at a reduced price. TeamWox is a highly efficient cloud based enterprise management system.This offer is for any Public Sector enterprise worldwide and theyll get a fully featured Enterprise Management System completely free of charge. Access to the modern management technologies is no longer be limited by the IT budget. The entire Public Sector is given a unique opportunity to modernize and streamline their entire work-flow process.Gaies Ch reis, COO of MetaQuotes Software Corp says,We aim to ensure that all companies can provide the best possible service, regardless of their affiliation with either public or private sector. We have already initiated a program for assisting Educational Institutions by allowing them to receive TeamWox for Free. Over 200 organizations have availed of this offer thus far and successfully use the latest technologies in management. We are sure that by further expanding our «TeamWox for Free! » offer, it will also be in high demand amongst Public Sector institutions.TeamWox deals with Educational, Governmental and Municipal enterprises. The entire Public Sectors like Governmental or Municipal organizations are striving to optimize its work-flow process by introducing modern Business Management systems. Such Public Sectors will get free fully-featured TeamWox Business Collaboration software. This license will be issued for an unlimited number of users and covers all updates and technical sup port which is offered via the public forum. They have to provide legal documents issued by a regulatory authority to confirm its Public Sector status.READSecure Your Online Privacy Using IP Privacy 3.8TeamWox is implemented in the form of a cloud, which makes the storage stuffs more easier to access and making it unlimited. Now you can Apply and Get TeamWox Collaboration Software for free.

Positivism Essay - 978 Words

Positivism Positivism is a scientific approach to sociology (the science of society As Keat and Urry (social theory as science, 1975) note: Positivism is concerned only with observable phenomena. It involves establishing law-like relations between them through the careful accumulation of factual knowledge. This occurs by means of observation, experimentation, comparison and prediction. The terms sociology and positive philosophy (positivism) were both coined by Auguste Comte (the founder of Sociology), an educated philosopher, born on January 19th 1798 in Montpellier, France. He grew up and studied after a great period of change. There had been the French revolution, the Industrial†¦show more content†¦The three stages societies progress through are outlined below. Comte thought that society (and indeed the sciences) went through three distinct stages; Theological, Metaphysical and Positive. He thought when society had reached the end of the positivistic stage it would be Utopia where the world was ruled by experts in each field. The common person wouldnt need to make their own decisions as everything would be thought out for them.  · THEOLOGICAL: Military. (Middle Ages) - Natural phenomena explained as being the will of God/supernatural forces - The family is basic social unit  · METAPHYSICAL:Judicial (1300-1700) - Mysterious abstract forces employed to explain natural p Phenomena (e.g. a force in the object itself) - The state is social unit.  · POSITIVISTIC:Industrial (1800+) - The last and highest stage - Scientific method/invariant laws describe and explain all phenomena After the basic law of the three stages is Comtes theory of the hierarchy of sciences. As humans progress through the above stages each dependant on the preceding, so do the sciences (hence all sciences contribute to sociology) Starting with the purest and simplest and ascending in complexity.  · Mathematics  · Astronomy  · PhysicsShow MoreRelatedLogical Positivists Of Logical Positivism Essay1204 Words   |  5 PagesGiven the presentation by Professor David Baranov, the arguments surrounding logical positivism were yet to be settled. It was very clear that this theory was still a work in progress. For what it is worth, it was a good attempt with respect to the general presentation of the conceptual framework. Much effort was spent on highlighting keynote points, varying eras and the associated happenings, arguments from and by each major proponent of the concept and an in depth account on the subject matterRead MorePositivism vs Interpretivism Essay1575 Words   |  7 Pagesother with both being concerned surrounding reliability and study designs. (Taylor, 2005) There are two main types of epistemologies, these include positivist and anti-positivist. The use of positivism is used as an approach which uses precise measurement of quantitative data. The criteria of positivism as a theoretical perspective shapes reality to be objective: free of bias, opinion or prejudice; and the belief that there is only one reality in nature, one truth. The reasoning behind positivistRead MoreGeneral Positivism And The Interpretive Paradigm1953 Words   |  8 PagesScience Research Paradigm The social science paradigm also known as Post positivism consists of testing hypothesis and research questions that are developed through reasoning. This is done through measurements and observation. Social scientists aspire to science and they seek to study human behaviour, interaction and thought in an organized way; which we can then measure, generalize and replicate. Like any research, post-positivism needs to be backed up by evidence. When a social science research setsRead MoreThe Epistemological Perspectives Of Positivism And Social Constructivism1363 Words   |  6 Pages1. The epistemological perspectives of positivism and social constructivism can often be seen as direct opposed views on knowledge. A positivism approach involves accepting knowledge of things â€Å"that have been verified by the scientific method of formation and testing† (Pool, 1999, Pg. 91). Positivists focus on the falsification of things and insistence on their verification. Scientist, Karl Pop per, brought new ideals to this approach by making light on the fact it is not possible to prove somethingRead MoreLogical Positivism3339 Words   |  14 PagesAlso known as logical empiricism, rational empiricism or neo-positivism, logical positivism is the name given in 1931 by A.E Blumberg and Herbert Feigl to a set of philosophical ideas put forward by the Vienna Circle. This Vienna Circle was a group of early twentieth century philosophers who sought to re-conceptualize empiricism by means of their interpretation of then recent advances in the physical and formal sciences. Hence, the Vienna Circle represented a radical â€Å"anti-metaphysical† stance whichRead MorePositivism : The Ruling Theory Of Law944 Words   |  4 Pagesegal positivism is the name given to the school of juristic thought, which includes such luminaries of philosophy as Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679), Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832), John Austin (1790-1859) and HLA Hart (1907-1992). Philosopher Ronald Dworkin once described legal positivism as the ruling theory of law. Since the time of Bentham and Austin legal positivism was the dominant theory and was held by most legal scholars in one way or another and was also the working theory of most legal practitioner’sRead MoreLegal Positivism Vs. Law Of Nature1285 Words   |  6 PagesLegal Positivism v. the Law of Nature Legal philosophy has changed dramatically throughout the years; many theories have evolved and are still supported to this day. Concepts such as values, morality, desires, and reason all come into play when law is defined. Law is a very difficult word to define; what exactly is it and where does it come from? To understand the idea of law, one must also understand how humans have evolved. From the beginning, humans have been forming groups for survival; eitherRead MoreLegal Positivism : A Positivist Legal System1401 Words   |  6 Pagesor legal positivism, by analysing what it means, what it does the positive and negative aspects of legal positivism, how legal positivism works in a society. In order to understand a positivist legal system and how it works in a society, this essay is going to concentrate on some aspects of legal positivism, which are; the definition of legal positivism or positivist legal system, ideologies of legal positivism, features of legal positivism, advantag es and disadvantages of legal positivism, how legalRead MoreLegal Positivism: Hart, Austin, Bentham Essay1217 Words   |  5 Pagesmanys view of what is moral or just. However, when viewed under the light of positivism, all law is divorced from a system of ethics. Legality is not, inherently nor intentionally, compliant with a code of behavior. Law is, as it is created by the ruling class, designed to benefit those in power. Morals and sentiment do not play a role in the government, nor the rules that the government establishes. Legal positivism is a school of thought in the science of law or jurisprudence from the Latin termRead MoreRelationship Between Classical And Modern Positivism1320 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction This essay will consider the relationship between classical and modern positivism. In order to do so, it will critically evaluate the key features between classical and modern positivism as well as the extent to which some modern positivist theories such as Hart and Raz provide a successful definition of law. Legal Positivism Legal positivism is a prominent concept of the nature of law in jurisprudence. It is a philosophy of law that highlights the orthodox nature of law which is that

What Title Essay - 1307 Words

A Clockwork Orange : Chosen Evil vs. Forced Morality nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;What becomes of a man stripped of his free will? Does he continue to be a man, or does he cease? These are questions that Anthony Burgess tries to answer. Written in the middle of Burgess’ writing career, A Clockwork Orange was a reflection of a youth subculture of violence and terrorization that was beginning to emerge in the early 1960s. The novel follows Alex, a young hoodlum who is arrested for his violent acts towards the citizens of London. While incarcerated, Alex undergoes a technique in which his free will towards acts of a barbaric - or even harmless - nature is taken from him, then is forced to face the world once more as a machine-like†¦show more content†¦The inspiration of the scene between the writer, F. Alexander, and Alex and his â€Å"droogs,† or companions, was inspired by an actual event in Burgess’ past. In 1943, AWOL American soldiers attacked and raped Burgess’ pregnant wife, causing her to lose the child. Though his wife died two decades later, Burgess attributed her alcoholism and death on the incident (Galens). nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The theme of free will is continuously woven through A Clockwork Orange, even by actions or words that seem simple. The repetition of Alex’s phrase, â€Å"What’s it going to be then, eh?† underscores the theme of individual choice (Galens). In the novel, Burgess asks readers what it means to be human. He implies that to fully understand humanity, an individual must accept their evil nature, and society’s attempt to stifle it (Galens). nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;â€Å"Alex chooses evil because it is in his nature to do so. His impulse towards good is artificial, because it comes from outside him, instilled by a government bent on controlling the populace by controlling their desires.† (Galens.) Burgess believed that although people are wicked from birth, they are also born with the ability to choose for themselves. This ability is the one that makes human beings just that - human (Galens). While in prison, Alex is not rehabilitated; he is reshaped and brainwashed by the Minister of the Interior into an individual with no freedom of choice. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;In A ClockworkShow MoreRelatedWhat Is The Importance Of The Title896 Words   |  4 PagesThe title is extremely important it must be chosen with great care referring to the core contents of the paper. It will be read by thousands, where few will read the whole paper. An improperly titled paper will get lost and will never be read because if the title of the paper is improper the reader will think the information is as well. The title should also be informative but not to long something that will catch the readers attention. Dont forget to include the authors and institutional contactRead MoreUse Of Linkedin Authority For Career Branding Purposes855 Words   |  4 Pagessame) because you need to show people what you stand for, but you also need to highlight something specifically terrific about yourself. Tip - Think of yourself as selling a service instead of selling a product. The service is your time and expertise. Creating a brand-friendly title Your title needs to in some way reflect your brand focus. It doesn’t have to state it overtly, and it may look at little tacky if you do, but it should give readers a hint around what to expect. The biggest mistake thatRead MoreCover Letter Example1069 Words   |  5 PagesDate 1Name of Employer Official Title Business Name Street Address City, ST zip 1Dear Mr., Ms., Mrs.: 2â€Å"Enclosed please find my application materials for the position of Office Clerk, as advertised in the Chico Enterprise Record.† Or: â€Å"I am pleased to apply for the position of Office Clerk, as advertised in the Chico Enterprise Record. Enclosed are my resume and letters of recommendation for your consideration.† 3â€Å"I have five years of office experience, and most of my experienceRead MoreWhat Do I Title This With?1757 Words   |  8 PagesTiffany Dagus HRE4M1 Mr. Dispasquale January 09, 2015 WHAT DO I TITLE THIS WITH In today’s current events the names Trayvon Martin and Michael Brown have become very familiar, unfortunately in a rather negative way. Both men happened to be African-Americans who were shot and killed by policemen identified as being Caucasian men which raised the concern whether if both cases were examples of racial profiling. Racial profiling is the use of an individual’s race or ethnicity as a main factor in decidingRead MoreBlack Hat Or Devil s Advocate Process2398 Words   |  10 Pagesis caused when a title is held and not sent to the payoff dealer in a timely manner is to create a dealer notification process. This process will consist of contacting the dealer by phone, email or fax to notify them of the accounts that have a title on hold for missing odometer statement. The solution should be implemented because it is quick to implement, will have a low cost to implement and will have a big impact on the issue. If the dealers are notified as soon as the titl e is placed on holdRead MoreSchemas: Experiment and Title Type3152 Words   |  13 Pagesstudents. We gave them different titles and read them a passage with the intentions of finding out how many ideas they were able to recall. Since our first experiment found no significant difference, we conducted a second experiment except this time we gave the title either before or after the passage was read. We found no significant difference between the title types, but we did find a significant difference between before and after. We also found a significant title type x presentation interactionRead MoreAdverse Possession Is A Method3698 Words   |  15 PagesAdverse possession is a method by which a trespasser gains legal title to a property by occupying it for some time period. This kind of ownership may not be necessarily intentional, it can occur as a mistake where a deed may be faulty. Both personal and real property can be acquired by adverse possession. However, ownership of proper ty for public use for instance school property or a highway cannot be lost through adverse possession. The history of adverse possession can be traced back to the 12thRead MoreAdverse Possession Is A Method By Student s Name3855 Words   |  16 Pages ADVERSE POSSESSION By Student’s Name Code + Course Name Institution of Learning City, State Date ADVERSE POSSESSION Adverse possession is a method by which a trespasser gains legal title to a property by occupying it for some period. This kind of ownership may not be necessarily intentional, it can occur as a mistake where a deed may be faulty. Both personal and real property can be acquired by adverse possession. However, ownership of property for public use for instance school propertyRead MoreAnalysis Of William Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet2054 Words   |  9 Pagesdifferent titles that can be used to address women as opposed to men, but despite the title used, the woman herself does not change. Only the meaning and stereotype associated with the title used changes. Throughout the years, the titles used to address women have slowly shifted meaning from that of a social status to that of a marital status. Erickson (2014) explains that the titles â€Å"Miss† and â€Å"Mrs.† are the oldest coined terms used to address women, and both of them derive from the title â€Å"MistressRead MoreWhat Is Her Job Title, And Job Description?1279 Words   |  6 PagesWhat is her job title, and job description? Job title is a clinical social worker on the orthopedic floor. She assists patients with discharge. She assists patients and families with discharge, she speaks with families regarding discharges to skilled nursing facilities. Sending referrals to facilities that patients are interested in. Describe the agency/organization with whom you work for. What type of agency is it? What is the mission statement? She works for Roanoke Memorial. She isn’t sure of

The Crucible By Arthur Miller - 855 Words

Everyone has someone in their life that is trying to take what they have. In the Crucible by Arthur Miller, written in 1952, there are two women that stand out due to their conflicting personalities. The two women are Elizabeth Proctor and Abigail Williams. Elizabeth Proctor is a caring mom and wife that tells the truth, while the naà ¯ve Abigail Williams is a cruel adultress teen that lies to help herself, but both characters want the same thing: John Proctor. Two of the main qualities that Elizabeth possesses are love and honesty. Arthur Miller states, â€Å"Elizabeth is heard softly singing to the children† (Miller 160). This quote shows that she loves her children and that she cares about them or else she would not have taken the time to do so. Also, Elizabeth says, â€Å"I want you living, John. That’s sure† (Miller 203). This shows that even though John and Elizabeth have been through difficult things, Elizabeth still wants the best for John. She has learn ed to let go of his past mistakes and forgive him. The other characteristic that Elizabeth possesses is truthfulness. In Act III, John says â€Å"That woman will never lie† (Miller 181). This shows that John is confident in his wife because he knows that she will always tell the truth, even if it hurts someone. He is so confident of her honesty that he admits it in court in front of everyone, which ultimately leads to his downfall. Still, Elizabeth’s love and honesty show how caring she is. The other character is Abigail Williams.Show MoreRelatedThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1269 Words   |  6 PagesAt first glance, the playwright Arthur Miller in The Crucible highlights the historical significance of the Salem Witch Trials of 1692, but in fact it is an allegorical expression of his perception of McCarthyism. If the reader has some background information on Arthur Miller’s victimization as a communist, it is evident that the play is a didactic vessel illustrat ing the flaws of the court system in the 1950’s. The communist allegations were launched at government employees, entertainers and writersRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1681 Words   |  7 Pagesof their way to the last dying breath to make sure they leave with a good or bad reputation. In one of the recent literature study in class â€Å"The Crucible† by Arthur Miller, Miller uses characterization to illustrate reputation throughout the play. â€Å"The Crucible† takes place in Salem, Massachusetts. It is based upon the Salem witch trails. In â€Å"The Crucible†, we journey through the life of three characters who reputations plays a major role in the play. The three characters are John Proctor, AbigailRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1333 Words   |  6 PagesAs the various characters in The Crucible by Arthur Miller interact, the dominant theme of the consequences of women’s nonconformity begins to slide out from behind the curtains of the play. Such a theme reveals the gripping fear that inundated the Puritans during the seventeenth century. This fear led to the famous witch-hunts that primarily terrorized women who deviated from the Puritan vision of absolute obedience and orthodoxy. Arthur Miller presents his interpretation of the suffering by subtlyRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller998 Words   |  4 Pagesmotivated by jealousy and spite. The Crucible is a four-act dramatic play production that was first performed on January 22, 1953. Arthur Miller used dialogue within the characters to cover the multiple themes; conflicts and resolutions, plus the few directions for the different actions of the play. The Salem Witch Trials were intended to be performed as the play however, when read, it can be more carefully examined and broken down to analyze the techniques. Miller, the playwright, uses literaryRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1145 Words   |  5 PagesUnbalance Through The Centuries In Arthur Miller’s play, The Crucible, the author reflects the persecution of communists in America in the 1950’s through a recount of the Salem witch trials. It is often presumed that Miller based his drama directly off of events that were particularly prevalent in the years surrounding the publication of The Crucible- which was released in the year 1953, towards the conclusion of the Korean War. Although there was not a literal witch hunt occurring during this timeRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1063 Words   |  5 PagesIn the English dictionary, there are three definitions of the word crucible. One is a metal container in which metals are mixed and melted. Another is a severe test. But the third definition, and the one that I think fits the best for this book, is a place or situation in which different elements interact to create something new. In my mind, this fits because all of the characters had their little grudges and dirty secrets. But when all th ose seemingly little things interact, they formed somethingRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1285 Words   |  6 Pages Rationale, Morality, Stereotypes, Pressure, Self-Censorship, Unanimity, and Mindguards. Groupthink has also taken place in our history a a country. The play, The Crucible by Arthur Miller is about a the real-life Salem Witch Trials that happened in 1692 - 1693, in Salem, Massachusetts. Some symptoms of Groupthink found in the Crucible are Rationale, Pressure, and Self-Censorship. The Groupthink symptom, Rationale, is described as when victims of Groupthink ignore warnings: they also collectivelyRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller811 Words   |  4 Pages While The Crucible, by Arthur Miller, is only a four act play, it still resembles the format of a five act play. The five-act structure evolved from a three-act structure, which was made famous by Roman Aelius Donatus. Donatus came up with three types of plays: Protasis, Epitasis, and Catastrophe. The five-act structure helped to expand the three act structure, mainly made famous by Shakespeare through his many tragedies. Even though The Crucible contains only four acts, it still has the commonRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1052 Words   |  5 PagesBuddy Al-Aydi Ms.Healy English 9 CP 14th October 2014 The Crucible Essay The Crucible was a novel written by Arthur Miller in the 1950’s. It was written in a format of the play, portraying an allegory of the Salem Witch-Hunts led by Senator Joseph McCarthy. The book is known to have a inexplicable plot. This plot is advanced by multiple characters in the book in order to ensure that the reader maintains interest with the material that is being read. The farmer, John Proctor, would be theRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller841 Words   |  4 PagesThe Crucible is a chaotic play, throughout this American classic Arthur Miller takes the reader through multiple events of terror and insanity. While creating a great on-stage play, Arthur Miller portrays his life through the events, the characters, and plot of The Crucible. Using vivid imagery and comprehensible symbolism, Miller manipulates the real personalities of the characters and events in 1600 Salem, Massachusetts to create a symbolic autobiography. Throughout this play, the reader experie nces

Organizational Change Management Organization Development Interventi

Question: Describe about the Organizational Change Management for Organization Development Intervention. Answer: Introduction: Organizational change management indicates to the modifications that occur in a company when the company needs changes in terms of its finance or revenue, structure or operational processes. Organizational change cannot be a regular or a process for a certain time period rather an uncertain period of time whether prolonged or short (Benn, Dunphy, and Griffiths 2013). However, theoretically organizational change draws from the sociological, managerial, or most importantly psychological field. Organizational change theistically is, as Paul J. Kohtes mentions, Each company or organisation is a vital organism with a heart, soul and identity all of its own. It can be shaped and modified, but cannot be bent without causing damage. At its most effective, change management draws life from the authentic values at the core of the company and its leadership. (Tang 2010). Nevertheless, organizational change includes a number of change drivers as agents of the modifications on which the successfu l implementation of the changes are dependant. Such drivers include economic conditions, consumer demands (creating or increasing), policies (organizational or governmental), environment, economics etc. The following essay though a number of systematic stages tends to identify the problems and needs of an organizational change in the South Australia University and serially analyzing the theories and methods tends to identify the ways in which organizational change can be applied to bring a holistic change in the academic and economic growth of the university. Case background: The following case concerns with the academic and structural growth as well as a lack of revenue generating in South Australia University. The economics, accounts and finance, and Management studies departments were merged in order to create a whole school. However, the school was established with a small financial deficit which with time increased to $200k with the economics department having an annual deficit of $750k.with a minute analysis the results that has come out is that every department have some problems prolonged or little. However, at the administrative ground there have been many deficits. The earlier management style has been much inappropriate and inconsistent in terms of running an entire business school. The only management was to relate with the three departmental heads on a one-to-one basis. Moreover, the only business school administrative committee the University has at present times is the learning and teaching committee. However, the schools review of the univ ersity on grounds of quality and teaching, as has been rated six months ago, is below average. Analysis: However, subjecting the problems to minute analysis it has been found that first and most importantly the teams in spite of being a University as a whole does not work in coordination with the other teams. That leads to a problem of communication and collaboration in the atmosphere. However, there have been problems in individual departments as well. The problems need to be analyzed and examined minutely to come to a conclusive result in order to develop sustainable change in the university in terms of revenue and academic as well as structural growth. Problem Identification: The problems are needed to be identified individually in each department in terms of general overview, teaching and research. However, the problem of collaborating or communicating is acute in the department of Economics. The department has an unrealistically high opinion about themselves. This has prevented them further from involving into any of the other departments activity which would have been important in the academic growth of the University. Many of the distinguished scholars have already left the department which can be termed as another problem rather deficit on grounds of experience. Moreover, the teachers, leaving two, have failed to come up with any significant research publish. The teachers are more committed towards teaching a small group, though their part of contribution in improving teaching quality and students support has been nil. The Accounting and Finance and Management studies department contains comparatively mild problems and a moderate approach towards improving the teaching quality and students support. Collaboration and communication have been some of them. However, the department of Accounting and finance puts more focus on the research than the learning experience. That might be termed as a problem in terms of priority. The department of Management studies nevertheless, have followed a much consistent approach towards growth and only problem can be bring out from the department is the lack of creativity and initiatives for further development of the students. Eventually this has been a common problem to all the departments, which has seemed to stunt the growth of the academic quality. Administrative grounds have been in much problem too. It is still this present day that the academic departments have to do much administrative work for the only administrative department is the learning and teaching committee. The lack of capable support staff has been ignored over the time. Creativity has been a regular problem in terms of the learning outcomes as well. Problem Analysis and Justification: The academic problem has been evidently acute in the department of Economics. The teachers have been committed to teaching a small group which cannot not be conductive of a good learning atmosphere for a University must consist of a number of students. Therefore, if the number of students is increased which will be important in terms of growth academically and economically the departments quality of education and teaching might get even low. That will disrupt the growth of the institution (Blackmore and Sachs 2012). At the same time the mentality of the teachers will prove to be preventing them for collaborating and associating with the other departments. That might stunt the creativity and holistic growth of the institution. Since, the teachers are highly opinionated about themselves any change to the department, be it for the growth of the University, might face protest or non cooperation from their end (Vakola, Armenakis and Oreg 2013). In a University comprising of three differen t department non cooperation from any department can be expensive in terms of change, however growth it may ensure. At the same time the department lacks productivity in terms of research and publishing it as well. Since the department has already lost the experience and more qualified senior teachers, the department lacks the guidance and suggestions of experience which is further affecting the fruitful results of the department. The rate of enrolling students therefore has gone down in the last three years; starting from 15 to 9 ending in 8 in the last year. The decreasing number of students might affect the teachers positivity as well. The departments of Accounting and Finance and Management Studies have comparatively moderate problems and can be changed. The departments contain good teaching quality and research outcomes. The only problem the Accounting and Finance department has is that the Head of the Department puts much importance towards the research than the teaching and learning. Therefore, there is a problem regarding priorities. Since as teachers they cannot be consumed by their personal gains but need to focus on the students as well. The priorities towards the research are a hindrance towards the holistic development of the University (Tang 2010). The Management Studies department lacks the creativity which is important is training and learning. The lack of creativity has introduced stagnation in the growth (Cummings and Worley 2014). Creativity and inventive attitude in approach ensure a good learning outcome for students. However apart from this the Department of management Studies have been a successful one. Apart from the departmental deficits, the administrational and structural deficit contributes much towards the decreasing quality of the University. The teachers need to do much of the administrational duties as well which hampers their morale as well as their importance towards students. In any organization administration plays the basic role in development. Therefore in the University the poor administrational and structural issues are not only decreasing the quality of the university but also causing a deficit in the annual financial report (Schubert and Yang 2016). Alternative Solutions: The most important solution in present times to bring up then standards and qualities of the university is to bring a holistic change in the organizational approach and most importantly in terms of the departments the change needs to be psychological. The ability of the teachers cannot be doubted and all of them are qualified enough but they must be approached to change the way they work. It is as Emily laws on and Colin Price mentions, the success of an organizational change depends on request if and approaching the hundreds and thousands of the employees to change their way of conducting their work, a transformation concerned people will accept on, y of they can be convinced and approached to change their perspective about their jobs (Psychology Today 2016). The department of Economics must be the first to be applied the organizational change. The department is facing a rapid decrease in students and revenue therefore the department will demand much time to focus on. First their high opinions about themselves needs to be changed and they must be collaborated with the d other departments of the university. At the same time experienced senior teachers must be included in the teaching program in order to bring in the suggestion of experience which the department lacks. When getting acquainted with the other departments the Economics Department must be able to give the opinion of them to the other departments at same time will be able to get new suggestions and feedbacks from them to improve the department as well. Feedback from students must be taken into account about their expectation and how they wish the department to fulfill it. The organizational change plan must be made taking these suggestions into consideration. At the same time the Management Studies department must be made creative. For that the department can be introduced to several other roams of the other universities or the department can be the host for creative programs where other universities can join. Courses can be introduced keeping in mind the creative purpose and suggestions from the other universities can be taken into account. The University being only three years old the suggestions and opinions of the much experienced universities about creativity will be helpful for the he department. New support staff must be introduced for the administrative procedures like admission, examining, timetabling etc. This would give the teacher much time to concentrate on the students as well as their research. The teachers must be approached to prioritize the students in campus than their personal research. Recommendations: First and most importantly it is recommended to create an organizational change plan keeping in focus the student feedbacks and the other departments feedbacks. The departments must collaborate and cooperate with each other. For that frequent interactions are recommended. Event and programs must be arranged for different departments where the other departments must present (Amaral, Jones and Karseth 2013). In case of the Economics department, some new and senior teachers must be incorporated in the teaching program that can lead and give opinions from their experience to improve the department, at the same time their experience will guide the junior teachers in their research program. For the management department creative courses must be introduced to teach the students to think out of convention and inspire students to be creative in their approach. Implementation: The implementation of the plans is expected to be fluid and fast. And for that all the departments must be included in the plan. The university recently has organized events and programs for individual departments were the presence of other department must be compulsory. And in the end of each event, the departments require to give their feedback and suggestion to the host department for further improvement. Thus in Management department the students will be able to learn through creativity from the accounting and Economics department both of which are fruitful and interconnected in management studies at the same time a collaboration and means of communication will get to take place. The suggestions and recommendations has helped the university much to improve (Aarons et al 2013). At the same time students are asked to give their feedbacks regarding their classroom studies and guidance provided depending on which steps have been taken to improve the classroom atmosphere. Conclusion: Therefore, to conclude it must be said that the plan for organizational change tends to change the psychological, structural and economic approach of an organization. In case of the university as well the change theory bring out changes that has in the long run been fruitful for the University and help the University in achieving their desired location as one of the reputed Universities in Australia. Reference: Aarons, G.A., Ehrhart, M.G., Farahnak, L.R. and Hurlburt, M., 2013. Leadership and organizational change for implementation (LOCI): A mixed-method pilot study of a leadership and organization development intervention for evidence-based practice implementation.Manuscript submitted for publication. Amaral, A., Jones, G.A. and Karseth, B. eds., 2013.Governing higher education: National perspectives on institutional governance(Vol. 2). Springer Science Business Media. Battilana, J. and Casciaro, T., 2012. Change agents, networks, and institutions: A contingency theory of organizational change.Academy of Management Journal,55(2), pp.381-398. Beetham, H. and Sharpe, R., 2013.Rethinking pedagogy for a digital age: Designing for 21st century learning. routledge. Benn, S., Dunphy, D. and Griffiths, A., 2014.Organizational change for corporate sustainability. Routledge. Blackmore, J. and Sachs, J., 2012.Performing and reforming leaders: Gender, educational restructuring, and organizational change. Suny Press. Burke, W.W., 2013.Organization change: Theory and practice. Sage Publications. Cameron, E. and Green, M., 2015.Making sense of change management: a complete guide to the models, tools and techniques of organizational change. Kogan Page Publishers. Carter, M.Z., Armenakis, A.A., Feild, H.S. and Mossholder, K.W., 2013. Transformational leadership, relationship quality, and employee performance during continuous incremental organizational change.Journal of Organizational Behavior,34(7), pp.942-958. Cummings, T.G. and Worley, C.G., 2014.Organization development and change. Cengage learning. Klewes, J. and Langen, R. eds., 2008.Change 2.0: Beyond organisational transformation. Springer Science Business Media. Oreg, S., Michel, A. and By, R.T. eds., 2013.The psychology of organizational change: Viewing change from the employees perspective. Cambridge University Press. Psychology Today. (2016).The Psychology of Organizational Change. [online] Available at: https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/wired-success/201407/the-psychology-organizational-change [Accessed 26 Sep. 2016]. Schubert, T. and Yang, G., 2016. Institutional change and the optimal size of universities.Scientometrics,108(3), pp.1129-1153. Tang, S., 2010.A general theory of institutional change. Routledge. Vakola, M., Armenakis, A. and Oreg, S., 2013. Reactions to organizational change from an individual differences perspective: A review of empirical research.The Psychology of Organizational Change: Viewing Change from the Employee's Perspective, pp.95-122.

Why Smoking Is Hazordous Essays - Smoking, Health Effects Of Tobacco

Why Smoking Is Hazordous In this report I will tell you the dangers of smoking. Smoking is one of the most preventable causes of death in our society. About one in five deaths in the US are results from using tobacco. More then half of all tobacco uses die much earlier then their normal life expectancy. Smokers could be losing an average of 20 to 25 years of their life. Smoking has numerous other effects as well. It leaves you reeking of smoke, yellows your teeth and hands, can give u respiratory and cardiovascular problems, and cause you to leave on the street due to the fact that your broke. Smoking is an expensive habit. The average cost of a pack is $3.00 and the average smoker smokes a pack a day. In one year that's wasting about $1095 or more a year! That's a lot of money. The Tobacco industry makes billions of dollars each year off addicted smokers. The company adds nicotine, which is addictive to their cigarettes to try and prevent you from not buying their products. The nicotine can raise your blood pressure, heart rate, and the oxygen demand for muscles, mainly in the heart. This causes you to need deeper breaths after running or physical exercise and lessens your ability to perform well during sport activities. Second-hand smoke also affects others as well as you. Secondhand smoke comes from two places; smoke breathed out by the person who smokes, and smoke from the end of a burning cigarette. Secondhand smoke causes health effects, including cancer, breathing problems, and asthma. Secondhand smoke contains thousands of chemicals and majority of them are posions. Secondhand smoke is responsible for between 150,000 and 300,000 respiratory infections in infants and children under 18 months. Around the same number of adults occur similar problems each year. About 37,000 non-smokers die each year because of it. A person who doesn't smoke married to a smoker has a 30% greater chance of getting lung cancer than the wife/husband of a nonsmoker. When you stop smoking you get you sense of smell and taste back, your cough goes a way you'll digest your food more ordinarily, feel more alive, it'll be easier to climb stairs, no yellow teeth from the build up of tar, no bad breath and no odor, and the most important thing is that you'll live longer. Now there are programs in your local areas to help you stop smoking. You can purchases over the counter smoking gum. It is never too late to quit so it is easier to quit now than later. I would not want this happening to me so that's why I'm against smoking. I told you that it could give you negative personal effects, expensive to continue and can change you life. People might thinks it ?cool? to smoke but it's really not. I hope this was a very persuasive speech and had you convinced. Science

A Linguistic Analysis of Obama’s Inaugural Address Essays

A Linguistic Analysis of Obama’s Inaugural Address Essays A Linguistic Analysis of Obama’s Inaugural Address Essay A Linguistic Analysis of Obama’s Inaugural Address Essay I will rearrange some extracts from the speech into stanzas – the structure of writing related to poetry – which I find to have strong links in the address. Referring to theories in linguistics dealing with parallelism, didactic poetry, rhythm and metrics I will try to prove the idea that the speaker uses rhythm as a tool for creating an emotionally agreeable atmosphere and an easily memorized message in his performance. In subchapter 4. 3, the role of parallelism and foregrounding in the complex of the linguistic devices employed in the speech will be analyzed. They are the tools which strengthen or weaken objects in the chosen extract, depending on the goal which the speaker sets up. The subchapter is divided into two sub-subchapters, focused on syntactic and lexical forms of parallelism 4. 3. 1 and the relationship with alliteration 4. 3. 2. Rhetoric will be in focus in chapter 4. 4, particularly, the lexical register which reflects the intention to introduce forthcoming changes in the new administration’s policy. The attention will be drawn to the choice of words related to the innovative projects, which appear to be as presumable as the change of generations. In his speech, Obama cites other famous orators both directly and indirectly. Chapter 4. 5 draws parallels between some points in the address and speeches of Dr Martin Luther King and Rabbi Joachim Prinz. 3 In the inaugural address, as well as in his other speeches, Obama uses elements of preaching, which have already been noticed in mass media and academic studies. Chapter 4. 6 draws attention to the use of words from the Bible, Afro-American traditional sermon and the role of transcendental theme in political rhetoric in the USA. In chapter 5, I will connect the discussed issues on the linguistic devices employed in the speech, which aim to maximize the effectiveness of the delivery of the message. The discussion on this subject will be presented here. Chapter 6 is the conclusion, where the analyzed aspects of various linguistic discourses will be summarized. I will conclude that their combination makes a significant contribution to the success of the speech made in public. 2. Context: the historical, cultural and social circumstances The social and historical context plays a significant role in understanding the message of the speech and analyzing it. The term context is defined as: those parts of a text preceding and following any particular passage, giving it a meaning fuller or more identifiable that if it were read in isolation. The context of any statement may be understood to comprise . . . he biographical, social, cultural, and historical circumstances in which it is made (including the intended audience or reader). (The Oxford Dictionary of Literary Terms, context) In the following chapter I will describe the social and cultural aspects of the context preceding the performing of the Inaugural Address. 4 2. 1 Social and cultural background In November 2008, Barack Obama became the first African American president in the history of the United States. His electoral victory was considered to be a breakthrough in the social and political aspects of the American society. He embodied the dream of millions of his fellow citizens to come true, including Martin Luther King Jr. , with whom Obama is often compared and whose principles he maintains. BBC News stated that â€Å"for many . . . Barack Obama’s presidency will be the culmination of Dr King’s dream† (1). The day before the inauguration, Obama drew attention to the resemblance when he â€Å"helped to decorate a community project in Washington in memory of Dr King† and used his idea for a deeper alikeness by saying that â€Å"we resolve that as we walk, we must walk together. And as we go forward in the work of renewing the promise of this nation, let’s remember King’s lesson – that out separate dreams are really one†. (BBC News, 1) It is remarkable that, besides the fact that Obama is biracial, religion is said not to have played any particular role in his childhood, since his father had no particular influence on him and his mother was â€Å"an agnostic humanist†, while â€Å"the grandparents who helped to raise him were not religious† (F. I. Greenstein, 209). The President represents a large number of the Americans in the sense of his ethnic and social background. Being dark skinned, he was brought up by his white maternal grandparents apart from a few years when he lived and attended primary school in Indonesia. Obama later wrote that, during his youth he experienced â€Å"a variety of cultures in a climate of mutual respect† (Honolulu Star-Bulletin, 2007). Here could be mentioned the role of his wife, Michelle, a genuine representative of the African American population in the electoral campaign, but further discussion of this is beyond the remit of this essay. 5 2. 2. Historical / political context The presidency of an African American person would probably not have been possible a few decades ago; many people claimed that they would never have dreamed that they would see a dark skinned man becoming a president of the United States. Obama realizes this, having said that he is a son of a man who â€Å"less than sixty years ago might not have been served at a local restaurant† (Obama, 5). A new generation has grown up since Martin Luther King Jr. gathered millions of people for peaceful marching to Washington in order to campaign for the identical rights for all races. The political situation is also an important aspect of Obama’s victory. The former president’s administration involved the country in a wearisome war with Iraq, an unpopular war from which the country seems unable to extricate itself. Along with a military mission in Afghanistan, it has cost an enormous amount of money to the tax payers. On top of that, the deep recession in the economy, which started at the time of the election debates and which is said to be the worst one since the Great Depression, in a general understanding, damaged the popularity of the Republicans. A new, â€Å"fresh face† of a relatively young candidate appeared on the political stage at this moment, who â€Å"promise[d] healing† instead of fighting. Not only did he promise changes, but he also spoke a language of young people, which associates with ability, opportunity and making new crucial decisions (Capone, 2972). The candidate, Barack Obama, made a â€Å"meteoric rise to national prominence† (Greenstein, 206). 3. Methodology This essay’s research is qualitative and the speech will be analyzed by employing a number of theoretical approaches in the fields of semantics, pragmatics and rhetorical criticism. The use of various linguistic devices employed in the speech, which contribute to the aim of any 6 speech and, particularly, a public one held by a politician, will be examined. Thus, the aim is to analyze the complexity of the devices in the context and the intertextuality, which means that â€Å"all texts are . . . composed of other (pre-existing) texts . . . held together in a state of constant interaction . . . [hence] all text exist in a state of partiality and inter-dependency with other texts† (A Dictionary of Critical Theory, â€Å"intertextuality†). The format of C-essay does not present the opportunity to examine the whole speech from all possible approaches, hence, I will first analyze some excerpts from it in a framework of singular notions related to the theoretical basis of the above mentioned fields and then I will draw parallels between the notions. Roderick P. Hart’s conceptions on modern rhetorical criticism and Jacob L. Mey’s on pragmatics issues will be widely considered while completing the work on this paper. I will also refer to a study on Barack Obama’s South Carolina speech by A. Capone. The prepared text of President-elect Barack Obama’s Inaugural Address, as provided by the Presidential Inaugural Committee, is in the Appendix and referred to according to its numbered pages. 4. Rhetorical and Linguistic Strategies In his performance, Obama employs a complex of rhetorical and linguistic strategies, which allow the speaker to introduce and deliver the message in favorable context. Analyzing rhetoric, Hart says that â€Å"human history has been written by great persons authoring great orations for social betterment. Often, these great statements have seemed more poetic than pragmatic, as satisfying to the heart as to the head†(4). In order to distinguish a poem from a narrative story or any other type of message, I will try to highlight rhythm by employing a number of linguistic devices including metre and parallelism. Simpson defines metre as â€Å"an organized pattern of strong and weak syllables† and 7 its â€Å"repetition into a regular phrasing across a line of verse† (15). Stanza is a product of correspondence of and â€Å"the length, metrical scheme and rhythmical pattern [of the verse lines] with those of at least one other such group of verse lines in a poem† (The Concise Oxford Companion to English Literature, â€Å"stanza†). An extensive use of pronouns ‘we’, ‘our’ and ‘us’ in combination with a particular lexical register aims to foreground the desired effect of unity and communion the speaker and the audience. 4. 1. The use of personal deixis Deictic expressions, known as deixis, can be interpreted only in the context in which they are used. The word deictic derives from the Greek language and is used for pointing a subject. I will focus on the use of deixis employed in the speech which, I will argue, creates an effect of unity on one side and â€Å"outsiders† on the other. In his analysis of Obama’s electoral speech, Capone indicates that â€Å"a speaker is responsible for the positions or opinions advanced, but need not necessarily be the animator or even the author† (2967). He refers to Goffman for definitions of â€Å"a principal in the legalistic sense†, which involves imposing â€Å"self-identification† as we not I. (2967). By doing so, the speaker â€Å"become[s] a representative of the people† (2967). This pattern of seemingly speaking on behalf of the audience is focused upon in the present chapter. The use of person deixis in the speech, in these circumstances, is worth investigating. Unlike his previous public performances, where Obama aimed to convince the audience that he was the right candidate for the position of a congressman or, later, a president, here he is a victor and addressing his message from a position of Head of State. He, probably, does not need to put his personality in focus any longer, but rather needs the support for his future challenges. In this case the pronoun I, which was used generously in Obama’s previous 8 peeches, emerges only three times in his inaugural address in its beginning: â€Å"I stand here today . . . I thank President Bush . . . Today I say to you . . . â€Å" (Obama 1). The first person pronoun â€Å"I† does not appear any more in the performance. Obama favors the third person plural pronouns we, us and our(s) in the rest of the speech the pronouns which play their significant role in creating a sense of unity of the spe aker with the audience. We, us and our(s) are employed 61, 20 and 65 times respectively and are, probably, the most often used words of the speech. The speaker does not distance himself from the American people; instead, everything the president proclaims further seems to be issued by us – the people of America. According to Capone, â€Å"a political speech is in itself an interpretation of the audience’s feelings and needs† that allow â€Å"the audience to build its own intentionality† while a politician reflexes them (2969) . The above mentioned pronouncements are employed as the inclusive ones throughout the text. The speaker, in this case, is a member of the society to which he speaks. Whether he speaks of the previous achievements or the future plans, the orator claims them to be a commonality, which means that he shares responsibility for everything being said with the audience. As a result, the audience seems to become a co-author of the speech, providing that they approve of it, and they do so by frequent applause. Thus, the president speaks on behalf of the American people: â€Å"On this day we gather . . . we come to proclaim . . †. The addresser has a message to his opponents, and the pronouns they, their, those and some are served as if to indicate a distance between the American people, of whose behalf Obama speaks , and those â€Å"who question the scale of our [the Americans] ambitions† (Obama 3) . The victory in the election, presumably, allows the new president to associate himself with the majority of the nation and to look down at â€Å"the cynics [who] fail to u nderstand [is] that the ground has shifted beneath them† (Obama 3). By carefully chosen pronouns, the speaker foregrounds the Americans, whose ideas he articulates and backgrounds the rest, who â€Å"have 9 forgotten what this country has already done† (Obama 3). Having repeated by then we and our dozens of times and created a panoramic picture of the nation’s achievements, the present state and the future challenges, Obama has little difficulty opposing and disparaging â€Å"those who prefer leisure over work, or seek only the pleasures of riches and fame† ( Obama 2). 4. 2. Rhythm Among the complex of the devices that Obama operates in the speech, I will argue in the following sub-chapter, the rhythm plays a significant role. Rhythm contributes to delivering the message in a most effective and agreeable way. Ancient Greeks used didactic poetry, not as a literary genre but, rather, to give instructions applying to it â€Å"as being more easily remembered than prose† (The Concise Oxford Companion to Classical Literature, â €Å"didactic poetry†). Moreover, poetry brings sentimental feelings which either thrusts disturbing thoughts or stresses them, depending on the context of the text. Words often have double meaning and can be interpreted differently. In poetry one can â€Å"play† with words employing their phonetic features, metaphors and sonic effect. In the following excerpt from the speech, the first line in the first four stanzas (the fourth one, however, has a conjunction â€Å"and†, which neither disturbs the rhythm nor change the meaning) starts with the same phrase â€Å"we will† followed by a verb phrase. The other three lines follow the main idea expressed in the first one. They are similar both rhythmically and metrically. The last stanza is different in the structure and introverted, since â€Å"the thought veers from the main theme and then returns thereto† (Catholic Encyclopedia (1913), â€Å"Parallelism†, 2/4). Instead of starting, it finishes with the same construction â€Å"we will† followed by a verb phrase. In the speech, a vestige of a poem emerges from time to time, both in terms of rhythm and lyrical contexts of the word related to nature (as the Romantic poets would do) for describing 10 practical, moreover, technological purposes. I will try to rearrange an extract into stanzas, where each one (except the last one) consists of four lines and is, therefore, called quatrain (The Concise Oxford, â€Å"stanza†). The last stanza brings a conclusion; and the last verse in the stanza sounds as if it were a final chord in a piece of music: We will build the roads and bridges, the electric grids and digital lines that feed our commerce and bind us together. We will restore science to its rightful place, and wield technology’s wonders to raise health care’s quality and lower its cost. We will harness the sun and the winds and the soil to fuel our cars and run our factories. And we will transform our schools, and colleges and universities to meet the demands of a new age. 11 All this we can do. And all this we will do. (Obama 2) The sun and winds are invoked to symbolise man’s need for the energy necessary to drive the economy. Obama does not speak a ‘dry’ language of economists; he prefers the language of poets. Hart compares an orator – a persuader – with a poet being â€Å"artistically creative. Both work with symbols to breathe life into ideas† and use â€Å"their imaginations to engage their audiences imaginations† (10). The meaning of every sentence rests beyond the bare words – it is metaphorical. Analysing arguments, Hart refers to Toulmin’s work, applying to the term major claims as: a) the broadest, most encompassing, statements made by the speaker, b) lie at the level of abstraction higher than all other statements the speaker makes, c) represent what the speaker hopes will become the â€Å"residual message† in listeners minds (i. . , the main thoughts remembered when the details of the message have been forgotten), and d) are frequently repeated or restated in the message† (Hart 98). In the extract above, every sentence contains a major claim, according to its definition. The message does not consist of specific words having definitive meaning of the work planned; they are, rather, â€Å"the broadest, most encompassing† . What seems to strengthen the message is its rhythmical construction and repetition. Unlike the ‘prosaic’ parts of the speech, where the listener does not need to employ their imagination, the poetical ones require it in order to fill the gap in the meanings between â€Å"the sun and the winds†, which should â€Å"fuel our cars†, or work out the way â€Å"to wield technology’s wonders† (Obama 2). The structures of these stanzas follow the rules of synthetic parallelism, where â€Å"the theme is worked up by the building of thought upon similar thought† (Catholic Encyclopedia (1913), â€Å"Parallelism†, 2/4). These linguistic tools contribute to the speaker’s foregrounding of the idea of forthcoming changes by repeating the same or similar syntactic structures along with the 12 same phrase â€Å"we will†. Lexically, the stanzas also correspond. The theme of building and reconstruction the country’s economy progresses throughout the block with a final ‘chord’ where Obama seems to have changed his pre-presidential slogan â€Å"yes, we can† to â€Å"yes, we will†. 4. 3. Parallelism and foregrounding Parallelism is a product of â€Å"balanced arrangement achieved through repetition of the same syntactic form† (The Oxford Dictionary of Literary Terms, â€Å"parallelism†). Analyzing the text, one can find both syntactic and lexical parallels. Lexical parallelism is an effect of repetition of the same words or certain relationships between words, mostly belonging to the same word group, such as verbs or nouns. Giving examples of parallelism, scholars often refer to poetry and rhetoric. It seems that what they have in common is their appeal to the listener’s emotions rather than pragmatism. Foregrounding is based on â€Å"giving unusual prominence to one element or property of the text† (The Oxford Dictionary of Literary Terms, â€Å"foregrounding†). The devices such as repetition and giving a favorable syntactic position are commonly employed for creating a foreground effect. The background is, hence, a weaker and significantly less important component in the text is used as a tool for stressing foregrounding. I would like to suggest that the following piece of speech consists of lexical parallels. To start with, the nouns ‘strength’ and ‘weakness’ are antonyms; by putting them in the same line the speaker creates the effect of parallelism based on contradiction. He continuously contrasts and contradicts the rights and wrongs in the text until ‘goodness’ eventually prevails over ‘evil’. For we know that our patchwork heritage is strength, not a weakness. 13 We are a nation of Christians and Muslims, Jews and Hindus and non-believers. We are shaped by every language and culture, drawn from every end of this Earth; and because we have tasted the bitter swill of civil war and segregation, and emerged from the dark chapter stronger and united, we cannot help but believe that the old hatreds shall someday pass; that the lines of tribe shall soon dissolve; that as the world grows smaller, our common humanity shall reveal itself; and that America must play its role in ushering in a new era of peace. (Obama 4) It is interesting that by contradicting and drawing parallels, the speaker achieves the effect of foregrounding. Before pointing out the goal, the speaker explains the reason for it and, hence, prepares the ground for the challenge, which seems achievable afterwards. Lexical and syntactic repetitions strengthen both the background and foreground of the text. Speaking about the diversity of the country, Obama uses the effect of antithesis making contrasts when mentioning the religious groups. The diversity of religions evolves from being simply contrastive, which might in other contexts be interpreted as divisive and, therefore, a problematic issue, to cohesion and solidarity of the purpose. Those elements, which rest on the side of ‘meanness’, fade away under the pressure of ‘goodness’. The following compounds of phrases seem predictable then: â€Å"hatreds – pass . . . tribe – dissolve . . . humanity – reveal† (Obama 4). 14 4. 3. 1Parallelism syntactic and lexical The following extract is an example of both syntactic and lexical parallelism. The sentences begin with and are stressed by a prepositional phrase â€Å"for us†. It is followed by the noun phrase consisting of the pronoun â€Å"they†, which is followed by two verb phrases joined by a conjunction â€Å"and†. The sentences are not alike in the structures. That is to say, although their first verb phrase is intransitive, in the first two sentences, it is post-modified by a noun phrase and a prepositional phrase respectively. In the third sentence, the same prepositional phrase post-modifies the two intransitive verb phrases â€Å"fought† and â€Å"died†. These verbs have related meaning where fighting causes dying. In the second sentence, the phrases â€Å"toiled in sweatshops† and â€Å"plowed the hard earth† are quasi-synonymous as they both mean doing hard work. In addition to the parallelism, the repetition and the heading position of the phrase ‘for us’ produces the effect of foregrounding. The repetition and relationship of the phrases â€Å"they† and â€Å"for us† make the message of the passage more coherent. Everything â€Å"they† did, they did â€Å"for us†. In this case, what â€Å"forebearers† [sic] did, is not signified merely as a list of jobs, but rather as the effort they made for â€Å"a future generation†. The language devices serve as a promoter of the message here. For us, they packed up their few worldly possessions and travelled across oceans in search of a new life. For us, they toiled in sweatshops and settled the West; 15 endured the lash of the whip and plowed the hard earth. For us, they fought and died, in places like Concord and Gettysburg; Normandy and Khe Sanh. (Obama 2) 4. 3. 2. Parallelism and alliteration The Oxford Dictionary of Literary Terms defines the term alliteration as â€Å"the repetition of the same sounds – usually initial consonants of words or of stressed syllables – in any sequence of neighboring words†, remarking that in some poetry â€Å"alliteration rather than rhythm is the chief principle of repetition† (â€Å"alliteration†). The following block of supposed poetry contains both of the devices alliteration and parallelism. The adjectives â€Å"less† and â€Å"last† are not only repeated in the same stanza, but they also start with the same consonant â€Å"l†, consist of a single syllable and have similarity in the meaning. They both related to the tendency to minimize something to an unimportant level. Although the two first stanzas begin with the same pronoun â€Å"our†, they differ in the choice of linguistic tools. The effect of parallelism of the following two stanzas rests upon contradiction. Alliteration is more vaguely expressed in the words starting with consonant â€Å"p† such as â€Å"pat†, â€Å"protecting†, â€Å"putting† and â€Å"passed† in the second stanza, and is absent in the third one. These two stanzas contain verbs and/or verb phrases having opposite meaning; they contradict each other and the parallelism is based on contradiction. Every stanza consists of a single, complex sentence, where intensity is accumulating in the first two lines in stanza 1 and 2 (in the third stanza that is line 1), and accelerating to its climax in the following line 3 and 4 relatively. Calling for action, Obama stresses the last syllables in 16 phrasal verbs verbs of action pick up and dust off. The choice of these multi-word verbs obviously reflects the desire to emphasize the need for action: up and off associate with impulse and movement. The tension is growing from the first to the last verse with the conclusion coming as a final chord: Our minds are no less inventive, our goods and services no less needed than they were last week or last month or last year. Our capacity remains undiminished. But our time of standing pat, of protecting narrow interests and putting off unpleasant decisions – that time has surely passed. Starting today, we must pick ourselves up, dust ourselves off, and begin again the work of remaking America. (Obama 2) 4. 4. Rhetoric: lexical chain for the planned changes Hart defines the word lexicon as â€Å"words that are unique to a group or individual and that have specific rhetorical power . . . [;] by using preferred words a speaker can establish the right 17 to address the audience† (156). Considering the fact that rhetoric is a persuasive use of language, Hart is insistent that â€Å"rhetoric is an art . . . [which] creates a story out of nothing, using symbols to bring to life feelings we had forgotten we had, plans we had not yet considered† (7). He continues: â€Å"the story rhetoric tells is always a story with a purpose; it is never told for its own sake† (7). In the following chapter, I will draw attention to some rhetorical techniques which contribute to the delivery of the message. More precisely, they are two of five â€Å"basic moves† as Hart define them: â€Å"(2) the speaker must come to be regarded as a helper rather than an exploiter; (3) the speaker must convince the listener that new choices need to be made† (7). In his address, Obama proclaims that the â€Å"time of standing pat . . . has surely passed† and the nation is to â€Å"begin again the work on remaking America† (2). In order to indicate forthcoming changes in various areas and to stress the novelties planned, he parallels them with ‘a new generation’ and ‘a new age’. He makes a specific lexical chain the choice of vocabulary in order to indicate the expected changes in the society – whose aim is to create the atmosphere of unity and agreement similar to the ideal American family. The theme of ‘unity’ goes throughout the speech, and that is done by a carefully generated lexical chain as well as repetition. The feeling of unity is constructed in the very beginning – in the greeting: â€Å"My fellow citizens†, where the president identifies himself as one belonging to the society, rubbing away the invisible border between the stage and the crowd. The following step is to design the image of the nation as a family, where the ideals and traditions are transmitted from generation to generation- the word which is used quite extensively in the address. Obama creates ‘a solid ground’ for a consensus of the main issues with the Americans from the very beginning by claiming that â€Å"We the People have remained faithful to the ideas of our forebearers [sic], and true to our founding documents† (1). This idea is developed and reused in such a way that it reappears in the very end of the speech, where Obama cites the 8 words of â€Å"our (the Americans) father† â€Å"in the year of America’s birth† calling for unity and commitment. 4. 5. Citing other orators Obama has numerous times been compared with the black American civil rights leader Martin Luther King, and he himself draws attention to such a comparison. The day before the inauguration BBC News reported that â€Å"he reflected that Tues day’s inauguration ceremony would take place on the same mall where many thousands gathered in 1963 to hear Martin Luther King’s lesson â€Å"I have A Dream† speech† (1). In fact, there was another political leader, who made his speech on the same day just before Dr King did the national president of the American Jewish Congress Rabbi Joachim Prinz, whose words Obama cites and whose message he reintroduces. â€Å"The time . . . has come† phrase is excerpted from Dr Prinz’s speech. His thought of â€Å"the time . . . for us to work together, for it is not enough to hope together for it is not enough to pray togetherâ€Å" is edited and reused in Obama’s speech (Prinz, Civil rights). The time has come to reaffirm our enduring spirit† is the phrase which not only resembles Dr Prinz’s but proclaims a new â€Å"reaffirming† cycle in American history. Obama’s style of addressing the audience is also resembles Prinz’s. They both start with a rather formal address, changing then to â€Å"direct address . . . , a feature often found in personal correspondence†, such as Prinz’s â€Å"our fathers taught us†, â€Å"our children, yours and mine†, â€Å"we share† and Obama’s â€Å"our forebearers†, â€Å"our Founding Fathers†, â€Å"men and women and children of every race and every faith†, â€Å"we remain†. 9 4. 6. The elements of preaching According to discourses of cultural criticism, Obama’s rhetorical style may be described as an American one. Hart refers to a number of scholars when stating that â€Å"one of the most distinctive things about American rhetoric is its curious combination of Transcendental and Pragmatic themes† where he continues â€Å"the transcendent strain in discourse gives it an â€Å"elevating† tone, the sort of tone one hears on inauguration day in the United States†(240). On this day, the president might feel inclined to mention â€Å"the words of Scripture†. He avoids favouring one single religion by referring to â€Å"scripture† rather than the Bible, which relates to any religion in the world and, although he cites Bible, the values he mentions are universal: the time has come to set aside childish things. The time has come to reaffirm our enduring spirit; to choose our better history; to carry forward that precious gift, that the noble idea, passed from generation to generation: the God-given promise that all are equal, all are free, and all deserve a chance to pursue their full measure of happiness. Obama 2) In that block, one can feel the growing tension, which comes as a climax in poetry and culmination in a traditional, Afro-American sermon. It has elements of Gospel, where rhythm changes its pattern while the main idea is repeated. Obama’s style of public performance has been compared with preaching, particularly that which belongs to â€Å"the tradition of AfroAmerican preaching discourse†. Capone notices th at â€Å"among the characteristics which parallel Obama’s speech style with Afro-American religious traditions is rhythmic structure, sensitivity and ‘elevation’ (2970). 0 Hart argues that the Americans are â€Å"a nation that seems to need a Holy Purpose for doing almost anything† (240). Speaking on politics and business, Obama â€Å"strengthens† his states by referring to the Bible again – â€Å"hatreds shall someday pass . . . the lines of tribe shall soon dissolve . . . our common humanity shall reveal itself â€Å"(4). Transcendental theme supports the pragmatic thoughts, in other words, two themes collaborate so that the message maximizes its efficiency. 5. Conclusion The analysis of Barack Obama’s Inaugural Address suggests that the speech was made by a skilful orator, who employed various linguistic and rhetoric devices for the efficiency of the address. They are tightly linked together and, at times, it is hard to separate one from another as they are often multifunctional. I would like to suggest that the high level of education of the speaker was helpful when setting various tools in collaboration, so that the use of them produced the effect of a desirable message, the one which the audience accepted as if it had come from it self. Learning from Ancient Greeks, President uses didactic poetry: persuading, convincing and easy-to-be-remembered rhythmic style when addressing to a wide audience of the Americans. Didactic poetry rests upon repetition and parallelism, which are the basic tools for creating an easily memorized message. Parallelism is, in turn, a part of a linguistic field of semantics. Focusing on parallelism employed in the speech, I have found that personal pronouns play a significant role in creating a foregrounding effect, which is an aspect of pragmatics. All these devices positively correlate with a rhetorical style, which the orator chose for the speech. The event took place at a historical mall, where some of the most prominent American orators have spoken to large audiences. In his speech, Obama stresses the strong connections between generations which he, as he states, is to endure, and employs other orators words in order to support the statement. 21 In an attempt to cover the most important values of the American people, Obama appeals to those which rest upon family and religion. He cites the Bible but quite carefully and, having pointed out the diversity of religions represented in the country, applies his words to universal, ‘transcendental truth’. He also creates an emotional atmosphere of a nation as a family, which suggests unity and support, the desire for a better future and a readiness for working hard on it for the next generation’s sake. The lexical register along with the foregrounding help to fulfill the task in a favorable view. The newly elected president needs his people’s support for the forthcoming reforms, which he has planned to carry out. The unity of the Americans, in order to receive their advanced approval, seems to be the aim of the President’s address to the nation. His speech is persuasive, but hardly aggressive. By using linguistic techniques, which have been employed by a number of the nation’s â€Å"Fathers† and which have proved to be successful and appreciated both by the audience present and forthcoming generations, Obama announces his address to his people in a favorable way. That is to say, the extensive use of pronouns ‘we’ and ‘our’ in combinations with the lexical chain discussed above, affects the speech in such a way that the audience, to some extent, might almost be considered to be participants in it and the President performs as a representative of the people. The various linguistic and rhetorical devices suggest that the orator articulates the ideas of the audience and that as a president, he represents the interests of his people. 22 . A Dictionary of Critical Theory by Ian Buchanan. Oxford University Press, 2010. Oxford Reference Online. Oxford University Press. Hogskolan I Halmstad. Web. 30 Mar. 2011 Akmajian, Adrian, et al. Linguistics: An Introduction to Language and Communication. 5th ed. The USA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2001. Print. Bazzanella, Carla. †Redundancy, repetition, and intensity in discourse. † Language Sciences 33 (2011): 243-254. Web. 03 Feb. 2011. BBC News, â€Å"Obama honours Martin Luther King†, BBC. BBC News, 20 Jan 2009 Web. 29 Mar 2011. Capone, Alessandro. â€Å"Barack Obama’s South Carolina Speech† Journal of Pragmatics. 42 (2010): 2964-2977. Web. Greenstein, Fred I. The Presidential Difference. 3rd ed. Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2009. Print. Hart, P. Roderick. Modern Rhetorical Criticism. Upper Saddle River: AllynBacon A Pearson Education Company, 1997. Print. Lash, Scott. Another Modernity. 1998. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers Ltd, 1999. Print. Leanne, Shel. Say It Like Obama: The Power of Speaking with Purpose and Vision. USA: RR Donnelley, 2009. Print. Mey, Jacob L. Pragmatics: An Introduction. 1993. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers Ltd, 2002. Print. Obama, Barack. †Bararack Obama’s Inaugural Address†. The Inaugural Address, Washington, The Capitol, 20 Jan. The Washington Post. The Washington Post, 20 Jan. 2009. Web. 10 May 2011. Oxford Dictionary of English, Ed. Angus Stevenson. Oxford University Press, 2007. Oxford Reference Online. Oxford University Press. Hogskolan I Halmstad. Web. 17 Feb. 2011 23 Prinz, Joachim. â€Å"I speak to you as an American Jew†, Web. 4 Apr 2011. http://joachimprinz. com/civilrights. htm/. â€Å"Punahou left lasting impression on Obama. † The Associated Press. Honolulu Star-Bulletin. 2007. Web. 11 Apr 2011. http://archive. starbulletin. com. Simpson, Paul. Stylistics: A resource book for students. London and New York: Routledge, 2002. Print. Tenbrink, Thora. â€Å"Reference frames of space and time in language. † Journal of Pragmatics. 43. 3 (2011) : 704-722. Web. 18 Mar. 2011. . The Concise Oxford Companion to Classical Literature. Ed. M. C. Howatson and Ian Chilvers. Oxford University Press, 1996. Oxford Reference Online. Oxford University Press. Hogskolan I Halmstad. Web. 18 Feb. 2011 . The Concise Oxford Companion to Englishl Literature. Ed. Margaret Drabble and Jenny Stringer. Oxford University Press, 2007. Oxford Reference Online. Oxford University Press. Hogskolan I Halmstad. Web. 17 Feb. 2011 . The Oxford Dictionary of Literary Terms. Chris Baldick. Oxford University Press, 2008. Oxford Reference Online. Oxford University Press. Hogskolan I Halmstad. Web. 22Feb. 2011. 24 Appendix Obamas Inaugural Address Remarks as Prepared for Delivery January 20, 2009 My fellow citizens: I stand here today humbled by the task before us, grateful for the trust you have bestowed, mindful of the sacrifices borne by our ancestors. I thank President Bush for his service to our nation, as well as the generosity and cooperation he has shown throughout this transition. Forty-four Americans have now taken the presidential oath. The words have been spoken during rising tides of prosperity and the still waters of peace. Yet, every so often the oath is taken amidst gathering clouds and raging storms. At these moments, America has carried on not simply because of the skill or vision of those in high office, but because We the People have remained faithful to the ideals of our forbearers, and true to our founding documents. So it has been. So it must be with this generation of Americans. That we are in the midst of crisis is now well understood. Our nation is at war, against a far-reaching network of violence and hatred. Our economy is badly weakened, a consequence of greed and irresponsibility on the part of some, but also our collective failure to make hard choices and prepare the nation for a new age. Homes have been lost; jobs shed; businesses shuttered. Our health care is too costly; our schools fail too many; and each day brings further evidence that the ways we use energy strengthen our adversaries and threaten our planet. These are the indicators of crisis, subject to data and statistics. Less measurable but no less profound is a sapping of confidence across our land a nagging fear that Americas decline is inevitable, and that the next generation must lower its sights. Today I say to you that the challenges we face are real. They are serious and they are many. They will not be met easily or in a short span of time. But know this, America they will be met. On this day, we gather because we have chosen hope over fear, unity of purpose over conflict and discord. 1 On this day, we come to proclaim an end to the petty grievances and false promises, the recriminations and worn out dogmas, that for far too long have strangled our politics. We remain a young nation, but in the words of Scripture, the time has come to set aside childish things. The time has come to reaffirm our enduring spirit; to choose our better history; to carry forward that precious gift, that noble idea, passed on from generation to generation: the God-given promise that all are equal, all are free, and all deserve a chance to pursue their full measure of happiness. In reaffirming the greatness of our nation, we understand that greatness is never a given. It must be earned. Our journey has never been one of short-cuts or settling for less. It has not been the path for the faint-hearted for those who prefer leisure over work, or seek only the pleasures of riches and fame. Rather, it has been the risktakers, the doers, the makers of things some celebrated but more often men and women obscure in their labor, who have carried us up the long, rugged path towards prosperity and freedom. For us, they packed up their few worldly possessions and traveled across oceans in search of a new life. For us, they toiled in sweatshops and settled the West; endured the lash of the whip and plowed the hard earth. For us, they fought and died, in places like Concord and Gettysburg; Normandy and Khe Sahn. Time and again these men and women struggled and sacrificed and worked till their hands were raw so that we might live a better life. They saw America as bigger than the sum of our individual ambitions; greater than all the differences of birth or wealth or faction. This is the journey we continue today. We remain the most prosperous, powerful nation on Earth. Our workers are no less productive than when this crisis began. Our minds are no less inventive, our goods and services no less needed than they were last week or last month or last year. Our capacity remains undiminished. But our time of standing pat, of protecting narrow interests and putting off unpleasant decisions that time has surely passed. Starting today, we must pick ourselves up, dust ourselves off, and begin again the work of remaking America. For everywhere we look, there is work to be done. The state of the economy calls for action, bold and swift, and we will act not only to create new jobs, but to lay a new foundation for growth. We will build the roads and bridges, the electric grids and digital lines that feed our commerce and bind us together. We will restore science to its rightful place, and wield technologys wonders to raise health cares quality and lower its cost. We will harness the sun and the winds and the soil to fuel our cars and run our factories. And we will transform our schools and colleges and universities to meet the demands of a new age. All this we can do. And all this we will do. 2 Now, there are some who question the scale of our ambitions who suggest that our system cannot tolerate too many big plans. Their memories are short. For they have forgotten what this country has already done; what free men and women can achieve when imagination is joined to common purpose, and necessity to courage. What the cynics fail to understand is that the ground has shifted beneath them that the stale political arguments that have consumed us for so long no longer apply. The question we ask today is not whether our government is too big or too small, but whether it works whether it helps families find jobs at a decent wage, care they can afford, a retirement that is dignified. Where the answer is yes, we intend to move forward. Where the answer is no, programs will end. And those of us who manage the publics dollars will be held to account to spend wisely, reform bad habits, and do our business in the light of day because only then can we restore the vital trust between a people and their government. Nor is the question before us whether the market is a force for good or ill. Its power to generate wealth and expand freedom is unmatched, but this crisis has reminded us that without a watchful eye, the market can spin out of control and that a nation cannot prosper long when it favors only the prosperous. The success of our economy has always depended not just on the size of our Gross Domestic Product, but on the reach of our prosperity; on our ability to extend opportunity to every willing heart not out of charity, but because it is the surest route to our common good. As for our common defense, we reject as false the choice between our safety and our ideals. Our Founding Fathers, faced with perils we can scarcely imagine, drafted a charter to assure the rule of law and the rights of man, a charter expanded by the blood of generations. Those ideals still light the world, and we will not give them up for expediences sake. And so to all other peoples and governments who are watching today, from the grandest capitals to the small village where my father was born: know that America is a friend of each nation and every man, woman, and child who seeks a future of peace and dignity, and that we are ready to lead once more. Recall that earlier generations faced down fascism and communism not just with missiles and tanks, but with sturdy alliances and enduring convictions. They understood that our power alone cannot protect us, nor does it entitle us to do as we please. Instead, they knew that our power grows through its prudent use; our security emanates from the justness of our cause, the force of our example, the tempering qualities of humility and restraint. We are the keepers of this legacy. Guided by these principles once more, we can meet those new threats that demand even greater effort even greater cooperation and understanding between nations. We will begin to responsibly leave Iraq to its people, and forge a hard-earned peace in Afghanistan. With old friends and former foes, we will work tirelessly to lessen the nuclear threat, and roll back the specter of a warming planet. We will not apologize for our way of life, nor will we waver in its defense, and for those who seek to advance their aims by inducing terror and slaughtering innocents, we say to you now that our spirit is stronger and cannot be broken; you cannot outlast us, and we will defeat you. 3 For we know that our patchwork heritage is a strength, not a weakness. We are a nation of Christians and Muslims, Jews and Hindus and non-believers. We are shaped by every language and culture, drawn from every end of this Earth; and because we have tasted the bitter swill of civil war and segregation, and emerged from that dark chapter stronger and more united, we cannot help but believe that the old hatreds shall someday pass; that the lines of tribe shall soon dissolve; that as the world grows smaller, our common humanity shall reveal itself; and that America must play its role in ushering in a new era of peace. To the Muslim world, we seek a new way forward, based on mutual interest and mutual respect. To those leaders around the globe who seek to sow conflict, or blame their societys ills on the West know that your people will judge you on what you can build, not what you destroy. To those who cling to power through corruption and deceit and the silencing of dissent, know that you are on the wrong side of history; but that we will extend a hand if you are willing to unclench your fist. To the people of poor nations, we pledge to work alongside you to make your farms flourish and let clean waters flow; to nourish starved bodies and feed hungry minds. And to those nations like ours that enjoy relative plenty, we say we can no longer afford indifference to suffering outside our borders; nor can we consume the worlds resources without regard to effect. For the world has changed, and we must change with it. As we consider the road that unfolds before us, we remember with humble gratitude those brave Americans who, at this very hour, patrol far-off deserts and distant mountains. They have something to tell us today, just as the fallen heroes who lie in Arlington whisper through the ages. We honor them not only because they are guardians of our liberty, but because they embody the spirit of service; a willingness to find meaning in something greater than themselves. And yet, at this moment a moment that will define a generation it is precisely this spirit that must inhabit us all. For as much as government can do and must do, it is ultimately the faith and determination of the American people upon which this nation relies. It is the kindness to take in a stranger when the levees break, the selflessness of workers who would rather cut their hours than see a friend lose their job which sees us through our darkest hours. It is the firefighters courage to storm a stairway filled with smoke, but also a parents willingness to nurture a child, that finally decides our fate. Our challenges may be new. The instruments with which we meet them may be new. But those values upon which our success depends hard work and honesty, courage and fair play, tolerance and curiosity, loyalty and patriotism these things are old. These things are true. They have been the quiet force of progress throughout our history. What is demanded then is a return to these truths. What is required of us now is a new era of responsibility a recognition, on the part of every American, that we have duties to ourselves, our nation, and the world, duties that we do not grudgingly accept but rather seize gladly, firm in the knowledge that there is nothing so satisfying to the spirit, so defining of our character, than giving our all to a difficult task. This is the price and the promise of citizenship. This is the source of our confidence the knowledge that God calls on us to shape an uncertain destiny. 4 This is the meaning of our liberty and our creed why men and women and children of every race and every faith can join in celebration across this magnificent mall, and why a man whose father less than sixty years ago might not have been served at a local restaurant can now stand before you to take a most sacred oath. So let us mark this day with remembrance, of who we are and how far we have traveled. In the year of Americas birth, in the coldest of months, a small band of patriots huddled by dying campfires on the shores of an icy river. The capital was abandoned. The enemy was advancing. The snow was stained with blood. At a moment when the outcome of our revolution was most in doubt, the father of our nation ordered these words be read to the people: Let it be told to the future world that in the depth of winter, when nothing but hope and virtue could survive that the city and the country, alarmed at one common danger, came forth to meet [it]. America. In the face of our common dangers, in this winter of our hardship, let us remember these timeless words. With hope and virtue, let us brave once more the icy currents, and endure what storms may come. Let it be said by our childrens children that when we were tested we refused to let this journey end, that we did not turn back nor did we falter; and with eyes fixed on the horizon and Gods grace upon us, we carried forth that grea t gift of freedom and delivered it safely to future generations. 5